![]() ![]() The HPA connections and brain areas implicated in ELS and psychopathology are also explored. We examine the mechanisms at play in the brain of the developing child and discuss how adverse environmental stimuli may become biologically incorporated into the structure and function of the adult brain via a discussion of the neurosequential model of development, sensitive periods and plasticity. In this review we synthesize current understandings and hypotheses concerning the neurobiological link between childhood trauma, the HPA axis, and adult psychiatric illness. Hyperarousal of the sympathetic nervous system with sustained allostatic load along the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis and its connections has been theorized as the basis for adult psychopathology following early childhood trauma. The hippocampus, amygdala, and the medial prefrontal cortex are all important limbic structures involved in the processes that undermine mental health. Such experiences can become biologically consolidated, creating individual vulnerability to psychological and psychiatric issues later in life. Studies of early life stress (ELS) demonstrate the long-lasting effects of acute and chronic stress on developmental trajectories. 3Department of Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.2Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.1Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.Felim Murphy 1 Anurag Nasa 2 Dearbhla Cullinane 3 Kesidha Raajakesary 2 Areej Gazzaz 1 Vitallia Sooknarine 1 Madeline Haines 2 Elena Roman 2 Linda Kelly 1 Aisling O'Neill 1 Mary Cannon 1 Darren William Roddy 2 *
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